Ficus microcarpa, commonly called the Chinese Banyan or Indian Laurel, is the most used ficus species for bonsai.  Although it has many cultivars and varieties, Tiger Bark, aka Golden Gate, Kinmen, Kingman, Kimeng, Kin Men etc. is perhaps the most popular because it is easy to grow, has a beautiful bark, and their leaves reduced easily.  Where do these names come from?

Min Hsuan Lo gave a short description on the discovery and naming of Kinmen (Tiger Bark) ficus in his book, “Bonsai Journey”.  Since it was written in Chinese and not many ficus enthusiasts in the West read Chinese, I will retell the story with explanations on related Taiwan history and background.

This cultivar was discovered in the 1970s by a grower in southern part of Taiwan, and was named after the grower’s nickname, “Kim M’ng”, which means blond or golden hair in Taiwanese dialect for his blond hair.  I do not know whether he is a natural blond or not; the Dutch colonized southern Taiwan from 1622 to 1644 until they were driven out by the Ming General, Chen Cheng Kong.  To this day, blond hair occasionally show up in family members of mixed Dutch and local descendents.

When the Communists took over mainland China in 1949, the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan; military confrontations continued for many years especially in the Nationalist controlled group of small islands, called Kinmen in the Taiwan Strait.  As Kinmen is literally across from the City of Xiamen of mainland China, it became military important and was heavily fortified.  Three battles were fought over Kinmen between 1949 and 1958, but ended in stalemates.  Both sides settled upon a routine of bombarding each other every other day, i.e. I fired on you on odd days and you fired on me on even days.  This ended in 1979 after the US established diplomatic relationship with the Peoples Republic of China.  Today the underground tunnels, bunkers and other military facilities are tourist attractions from both side of the Taiwan Strait.

The island, pronounced, Kinmen (which means Golden Gate) in Mandarin Chinese, has always been called “Kim M’ng” by the local Taiwanese and Fujian people in the mainland, who speak the same dialect.  In Taiwanese, “Golden Gate” Kim M’ng sounds the same as “Kim M’ng” for blond or golden hair; the written Chinese name of “Kim M’ng” ficus thus became 金门榕, Kinmen (official Mandarin Chinese name written in English) ficus.  I guess it would be awkard to write the new cultivar name as 金毛榕, blond or golden hair ficus.  To the Taiwanese speakers (note: not everyone in Taiwan speak the local dialect because the Nationalist government enforced the Mandarin Language Policy; students had to learn and speak Mandarin Chinese only, and were forbidden to speak local dialect in schools until 1987) ‘Kim M’ng” will always have the dual meanings, golden gate or golden hair, but the etymology might be lost over time. 

Now we know the origin and how Kinmen (Kim M’ng) ficus got its name, it is apparent Golden Gate (a direct translation of Kinmen, and it has nothing to do with the San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge), and the spelling variations of Kingman, Kimeng etc. refer to the same cultivar. 

What about the name Tiger Bark?  Since the newly discovered cultivar has conspicous white blotches and stripes in the bark of young trees, which look like tiger stripes, the name “Tiger Bark” ficus (虎皮榕) became a popular alternate name in Taiwan nursery trades.  The whitish stripes would fade in old tree.

Do ficus grow in Kinmen Island?  Of course, F. microcarpa grows all over Taiwan and Fujian Province.  There are many old F. microcarpa in Kinmen.  This travel blog has several photos of old ficus; they were cataloged with estimated age by the local Forestry Department.  Interestingly, the tattered name tag in the blog reads F. retusa, which, of course is wrong.  F. retusa grows in the Malay Archipelago, the name has long been misapplied to F. microcarpa and caused considerable confusions among bonsai enthusiasts.

Kinmen Island also has a Ficus Park, interestingly the outdoor war museum is right there too displaying tanks, big guns and aircrafts!

Unlike scientific name which follows rules set by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), the meanings of cultivar and variety are often blurred and are used interchangeably in nursery trades and among hobbyists.  Strictly, they mean different things.  Plants grown from cultivar seeds are not true to type, whereas a geographically different variety can.

So among the many names of Tiger Bark, Kinmen, Golden Gate etc., which should we use?  If we were to follow the rule of priority, I think it should be called cv. ‘Kinmen’ or ‘Kim M’ng’ when the cultivar was discovered.  But as hobbyists, we call them by any name we choose to but just be aware that they all refer to the same cultivar.  This name variations occur only in the West but not in Taiwan because they are called either 金门榕 (Kinmen ficus) or 虎皮榕 (tiger bark ficus).

I wrote this blog after returning from the 2017 Taiwan National Hwa Fong Show but did not finish it.  I can give many excuses, truth is I was just lazy.  Procrastination has become a way of life for a retiree; there is never a rush to finish things I used to hurry and complete over the weekends while I was still working.

With the coronavirus pandemic, many of us are staying home for various reasons, doing our best to cope in this difficult time, and I want to wish every safe and well.  I thought I should pick up this old draft, add some more ficus bonsai from the show and post it.

Without a doubt Taiwan has among the best ficus bonsai in the world, and there are many things we can learn from studying the trees upclose in person.

I counted 15 ficus in this show; each one is a masterpiece.  Since my wife and I travelled to the show on our own, unbound by group activities and schedules, we could spend time studying and admiring trees we like; how the trunks were fused, how aerial roots were used to enhance the trunks and nebari, how side branches, ramifications, and pads were formed.  In fact, we came back to the show two days later since we were not done admiring so many amazing bonsai in our first visit.  Studying top-notch trees in person and talking to high level practitioners are among the best ways to learn.

Massive Ficus From Fused Trunks

The majority of the very large ficus we saw were fused from several smaller trees.

The first one I want to discuss is a massive Ficus microcarpa with an umbrella shape canopy.  A lot of ficus bonsai in Taiwan are shaped this way with variations in how the pads are arranged.  The roots are powerful, anchoring the tree firmly onto the soil level, giving the whole tree a feel of stability and unmovable.

The main trunk is made up of several fused smaller plants. Although some could have been created from fused aerial roots.  Surface roots that became too fat were split to form smaller V-shape roots.  This is an important part of maintaining old ficus bonsai, preventing the roots from become overly and disproportionally fat.

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Looking from under the pads, I saw healed wire marks on some of the branches which prompted some questions.  Since the wire marks were closely spaced and were nearly perpendicular to the branch, not at the typical 45 degree angles we are familiar with; were these marks created from successive wiring and dewiring, or were they wired purposely close together and allowed to bite into the wood to speed up branch thickening?  Since these branches are very thick and there are perhaps easier ways of bending thick ficus branches, I surmised they could be used to accelerate branch thickening, a technique sometimes used in Japanese black pine.  I did not have a chance to ask and find out, anyone out there could answer this, please?

More umbrella top ficus from fused trunks and separate trees:

This is where I stopped my draft in 2018!  I just added a few more photos with some notes.

The following one is a seldom seen clump style ficus bonsai by Zheng Xing Tsai (蔡正信) of Taipei.  My friend, Chun Shen Chen, later took me to visit Mr. Tsai’s nursery.

In Taiwan, all participants in major shows receive a framed photo of his or her entry with show information.  This is something bonsai societies in the US might consider doing as most participants would like to have a photo of their tree professionally photographed for keepsake.  Of course, it would be nice to have it in an exhibition book like in the US Nationals but not many shows could afford publishing a book.

Wish you all safe and well!

Huge tree roots clinging onto this ancient Ta Phrom Temple ruin in Cambodia is an iconic image.  They are not ficus, but silk-cotton, aka kapok, (Ceiba pentadra)  tree roots.

Strangler figs, Ficus tinctoria spp. gibbosa, (thank you Kasu Bonsai for correcting the subspecies name) do claim Ta Phrom, however, they look different with distinctive mesh-like aerial root networks.

Ficus grows rapidly in the tropic, it does not take very long for it to completely engulf an abandoned building.  Let me take you to the Anping Tree House in Tainan, Taiwan.  It was a warehouse built in 1867 by the Tait Company, a British trading company.  The Japanese later took over the building and used it for salt trading.  After the Second World War ended in 1945, the Taiwanese continued to use it for some years, and the building was abandoned.

Birds dropped some banyan seeds onto this abandoned building, in about 70-80 years, the old Tait Company warehouse became known as the Anping Tree House, completely engulfed by banyan tree trunks and aerial roots, transformed from an abandoned warehouse into a popular tourist attraction in less than 100 years!

Instead of razing down this condemned building, the city mayor had the foresight of building steel supports and stairs; it opened to the public in 2004 as a tourist attraction.

One can now safely reach the roof top or the tree top, whichever you want to call it.  It offers some wonderful views of aerial root formations over different sections of the building.

This is not a typical big umbrella-like canopy, big trunk ficus we see in Taiwan.  Can some creative artists make a ficus tree house bonsai, please?

This article was written by Mr. Xuenian Han (韩学年), a well-known Lingnan penjing master. It was published in Mr. Shaohong Liu’s (刘少红) “The World of Penjing” (盆景世界), the most widely read online penjing magazine in China with over 135,000 subscribed readers. Both Mr. Han and Mr. Liu gave me permissions to translate this article and share it with English readers on how this new style was developed.

Ficus microcarpa is a native tree species in the Lingnan region. As a fast growing tree and an ability to grow in a broad range of habitats, it is widely cultivated in urban and rural areas. In the Pearl River Delta, especially in villages and towns along the river, banyan trees with broad canopies provide shades and are popular with villagers, where they could gather and cool themselves during the hot summer days.

Ficus has large, powerful tree trunk and wide spreading, old gnarly roots. Since Lingnan penjing practitioners often model their trees based on close-range observations of how trees grow in nature, thus, the Banyan style was born. Ficus is a popular species for Lingnan penjing, whether the material is field grown or collected, key banyan features are artistically recreated and portrayed in a grow pot. There are many excellent examples of banyan style penjing.

Ficus have aerial roots, when these roots touch and anchor themselves onto the ground the tree would continue to grow outwards, creating a forest-like image even though it is just a single tree; and this is the familiar banyan image.  Since ficus is a strong survivor and adapts to myriads of environments, there is another tree form from which these two “root-on-wall” penjing were based upon, and I will discuss how I created them.

Figs are eaten by birds, and their seeds are scattered via bird droppings. If such a dropping were to fall into rock crevices or cracks in walls, they would root and grow when the surrounding humidity is high, and aided by rainfalls and fogs. They take roots in buildings and houses. These roots are very destructive and are usually removed. However, in some out of sight or abandoned corners and crevices, their presence is tolerated or ignored, and they eventually grow into trees that look different from the typical banyan.

Under these adverse conditions, such ficus does not grow into a large tree as its priority is to send out roots seeking for nutrients and to anchor itself onto the surface it is growing on. These roots criss-cross each other, sometimes bulging out from the wall, sometimes burrowing deep into the crevices. This creates a tree form which the locals called, feirong, 飞榕, literally means a Flown-in or Flying Ficus.  (Translator’s note: It is so called because the seeds were dispersed by birds. In this translation the local description, feirong, is used to retain the vernacular flair of its Cantonese origin).

With the passage of time and as the substrate deteriorates, feirong continues to thrive, a testament to its tenacity to survive. It is a natural selection at works, survival of the fittest. Feirong can be found in several prominent tourist spots, such as the ancient ruin of the Hujiao Shajiao Fort; the Qing dynasty city wall ruin in Lianhua, Guangzhou; the 500-year old Nanfeng Ancient Kiln in Foshan, etc.

Sights of feirong clinging onto walls are quite common in our region. In the long history of Lingnan penjing, there is never a penjing created based on a feirong image. In my penjing pursuit, I often put on thinking hat and sometimes come up with crazy ideas like: “Can I recreate this unique and beautiful image of a feirong in a penjing?”

My inspiration came in 1987 when I saw a Chinese ink brush painting in a “Guangzhou Literature and Art” magazine; it depicted a group of old, gnarly but vigorous growing ficus clinging firmly onto a dilapidated wall. This black and white painting captured the survival spirit of a ficus,  a stark contrast between a broken wall and the powerful roots, a familiar and ubiquitous scene in our region.

This painting inspired me. Although there is already a root-attaching-to-rock style penjing (translator’s note: this is not a root-over-rock style frequently seen in bonsai, this penjing style has either one or a few long, thick roots growing along a tall stone, plunging from the top of the stone to the bottom of the pot), none captured a feirong. I thought it would be a break-through if I could create such a scene in penjing. However, I was not sure how to proceed with it, whether it would be possible or not, and sometimes doubts if I could succeed? Those thoughts swirled in my head. There was no physical penjing model I could copy from, I just kept on thinking.

What is penjing? It is a visual art of growing artistic looking tree in a pot which primary function is to serve as a carrier for the tree. Without a pot (pen), would I be able to call it a penjing, a “potted scene”? Feirong has to be on a wall, not in a conventional pot. But I needed a wall which could also function as a pot. It had to look natural and aged, able to bring out the spirit of a feirong and at the same time allowed it to grow. The design required out-of-the box thinking and creativity.

Traditionally we think of “tree, pot and stand” as integral parts of penjing, and in that relative order of importance. In this case, I reversed the order, putting pot (container) first, then the tree, and lastly the stand. My priority was to make a functional “pot”; if I could do that half of the battle was won, I only had to find a suitable ficus to grow on it.

I was building my house in early 1987, and was decorating the walls with reproduction antique ceramic tiles. Suddenly it donned on me I could use these tiles to make the “wall”! I went ahead and made a cement wall with a trough at the back according to dimensions of the tiles. After plastering the tiles onto the cement wall, a jagged “wall” was completed. This was the first but important step in this creation process.

After the completion of the wall-basin, I found a ficus tree I had, reduced its height to just above the lower section, made a hole in the wall and planted the ficus. A year later, the planting took shape but far from what I envisioned. Although more growing years were needed, it was, nevertheless, my second milestone in creating a feirong penjing. Although exposed roots is the most important part of a feirong penjing every trunk and branches have to be carefully grown in proportions. The “root-on-wall” feirong took shape 10 years later, I named it the “Survivor”, and exhibited it for the first time in the 1997 “Hong Kong Cup” Bonsai Exhibition held in Guilin, Guangxi.

In the “Survivor”, I used a tree that was originally trained for other purposes. Although it developed exposed roots, they were not as powerful and tenacious like those seen in a naturally occurring  feirong. Therefore, the “Survivor” can only be said to have a feirong look, but lacked its struggling, tenacious life force.

In 1997, a penjing friend told me he saw a feirong that might be suitable for a “root-on-wall” penjing. He brought me to where the tree was growing. It was a dormitory building marked for demolition. This ficus grew close to a ditch and was lush green; the wall was covered with roots running in whichever directions they chose. By coincidence, a resident of this dormitory was my former colleague, and whe told me this ficus had been growing there for more than 20 years.

I studied and committed this material in memory, a new design began to congeal to feature the root base prominently. I then built a wall specifically for this tree. In the “Survivor,” I built a wall-pot first, found an ordinary ficus and force-fitted it onto the wall; looking back the result was barely satisfactory. This time, I found a feirong tree, and built a taller wall-pot to accommodate and show off wits spreading root system. My second attempt of a “root-on-wall” ficus was done in reversed order.

After about seven years of cultivation, I succeeded in creating my second feirong “root-on-wall” penjing. It was a step forward, it was a much better looking penjing, meeting my expectations more than the first “Survivor”. I called this second creation, “The Fittest”, and submitted it to the 2004 6th National Penjing Exhibition held in Quanzhou, Fujian.

These two works, the “Survivor” and “The Fittest” were inspired by a natural occurring landscape.  The processes in creating these two feirong fulfilled my dream during my long penjing journey.

I was searching online for ficus information, came across “FigWeb” and saw this reference:

Berg, C.C. & Corner, E.J.H. 2005. Moraceae – Ficus. Flora Malesiana Series I (Seed Plants) Volume 17/Part 2. National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden.

Holy Moly! Was Corner still alive in 2005?  No, he passed in 1996.  The monograph was published posthumously.

As a ficus bonsai enthusiast, I think there are two botanists whose names are worth knowing beside Carolus Linnaeus the Younger who first described our ubiquitous Ficus microcarpa. These two botanists are:

C.C. Berg: He was the one who clarified the scientific name of Willow Leaf aka Narrow Leaf Ficus, described it in a paper with a very interesting title: “A New Species of Ficus (Moraceae) of Uncertain Provenance”. His description was based on container plants (bonsai, pre-bonsai??) from Florida, which became the type specimens. So Willow Leaf Ficus’ scientific name is officially Ficus salicaria; and salicaria means willow-like in Latin, a round about way of calling it a willow-like ficus. Many people still use the names F. nerifolia, F. salicifolia, but they are different species, not the one we grow in bonsai.

E.J.H. Corner: This is the man this blog is about, an authority on Asiatic ficus; another botanist I think we ficus bonsai fans ought to know too.

For years F. microcarpa is erroneously called  F. retusa, and still is.  Below are F. retusa specimens in the Kew Garden herbarium, determined by Corner in 1958 for his revision of Flora Malanesia. It is a species found only in the Malay Archipelago and is not available in the nursery trade. The ‘Kinmen’, ‘Tiger Bark’, ‘Ginseng’ bonsai we grow are F. microcarpa from Taiwan and China, not F. retusa, so please stop calling them a retusa.

Why do I write a blog on E.J.H. Corner?

I met Corner by chance in late 1978.  I was not into bonsai then, nor did I know he was an Asiatic ficus authority.  I was searching for a group of small, iridescent butterflies belonging to the genera Poritia and Simiskinia in Penang Hill, Malaysia.

Two gentlemen came along the trail, one asked what was I doing and we struck up conversations. He introduced himself, a Mr. Corner, the author of “Wayside Trees of Malaya”, published in 1940. He was very happy that a young man with a net in hand, in the middle of a jungle trail, recognized his name. Serious butterfly collectors also learn to identify butterfly host plants and their life histories. He jovially lifted his white cotton hat and showed me his white hair, that he was indeed old enough to be the author of the 1940 book.  We had something in common to talk about.  Later, the other gentleman, who was the Director of the Penang Botanical Garden, hurried him to move along as they were heading somewhere else,

I never thought about the man I met until I came across “Figweb”, began to read about him on the internet and found a book written by his estranged son, “My Father in His Suitcase”. It was a fascinating biography of Corner by his son who left home in 1960, aged 19, and would never see his father again. Corner was a very difficult father; I could not have imagined that since he was talkative and jovial when we met in Penang Hill.

Corner left letters, photos and memorabilia for his son in a suitcase, which was nearly thrown away without being opened.  After 46 years, John K. Corner faced his estranged father in a suitcase.  It is a well written biography of this brilliant botanist.  Here is a little background on Corner to pique your interest:

After graduating from the University of Cambridge, Corner thought it was a waste of time to get a Ph.D. (like Bill Gate?), so he headed out and worked in the Singapore Botanical Garden in 1929. There, he trained MONKEYS (!!!) to collect specimens from treetops of the rainforest. During the Japanese Occupation, he felt it was his duty to safeguard the Botanical Garden’s scientific collections, and was branded by some as a collaborator!  The Emperor of Japan, a biologist and an orchid enthusiast, had his “Wayside Trees of Malaya” for bed time reading, so Corner was ‘well treated”, at least not confined in a POW internment camp during war time. Post war, he became a highly regarded botanist, head of tropical botany in the University of Cambridge, and received several honorary doctorate degrees and accolades!

I won’t go further, please read the book if the above short note intrigues you. A brilliant man could indeed be a very difficult man to be around.

The book mentioned he re-visited Penang in 1978 but I could not find the exact sentence mentioning it; it was somewhere 2/3 or 3/4 into this 400+ page book.  I should have marked it.  As butterfly enthusiasts, we are meticulous in labelling detail information on every specimen we collected, and my Penang Hill field trip dates were from November 14, 1978 to January10, 1979. A little note on the dates if John K. Corner ever read this blog.

This Ficus microcarpa was potted into a 24″ round ceramic pot in 2015. By 2018, it needed repotting again but I procrastinated and did not do it in 2019 either. I finally repotted it a few days ago, but into a wooden box.  I jokingly said it was because I needed to reduce the overall weight. That is true but there are more important horticultural reasons repotting it into a wooden box, like rejuvenating the roots, regaining the tree’s health, and working on the overgrown aerial roots and nebari.

Why Use a Wooden Box?

To restore a bonsai’s health, it is a good idea to repot the tree into a slightly larger container, preferably in a terra cotta pot, a wooden box or a Styrofoam box.  A slightly larger container provides more soil volume and extra rooms for the roots to rejuvenate, increased surface areas between soil aggregates also allow the roots to breath better and grow more fibrous roots.  A cedar picket fence wooden box is an obvious choice since I cannot find a larger terra cotta pot or a big Styrofoam box. Although the latter can protect the roots from over heating during our intense summer heat, it is too glaring and stands out too much among the other trees, unless I could paint it.

As for weight, the 24″ ceramic pot weighed 32 lb., a comparable wooden box weighed about 5 lb.  I made a rough calculation, this round pot with tapered wall has a volume of about 1,100 cubic inches (about 18 L.), a square box holds almost twice the amount of soil.  Your tree will thank you for the extra room while in recovery.

Reworking Overgrown or Thickened roots

Aerial roots are great for improving the tree’s nebari, but they can become too big, crisscrossed or grew in unintended direction if one is not diligent in controlling and incorporating them to the intended design.

These two photos show how the skinny grafted aerial roots grew in 4 years without repotting in between:

These grafted roots needed repositioning and incorporating into the nebari:

Exposing More of the Nebari

Every time I repotted, I raised and exposed the nebari by about 1/2”. This time I raised it by about an inch. Exposing it gave the tree a larger nebari in each repot.

Another advantage of using a wooden box is I could easily put in a few screws on the box to attach guy wires to bring down branches.

Huge massive trees with umbrella-like canopies and neatly arranged pads are hallmarks of Taiwan’s ficus bonsai. They are created and modeled after an old majestic Ficus microcarpa in Tainan’s National Cheng Kung University campus.

Over the last decade, there have been increasing criticisms among some Taiwanese artists that too many of their ficus bonsai look like each other, prompting comment like “if you have seen one, you have seen a hundred”. The artist of the above award winning “standard” ficus, Mr. Hsiu Yang, 杨修, did something unusual; he created two “non-traditional” ficus bonsai.

When I saw these two ficus at the Cheng Mei Cultural Park (成美文化園), I was shocked.  I would not be surprised to see bonsai styled this way in China, but in Taiwan?  However, these trees looked familiar and they appealed to me; I could appreciate them because I have seen oddly shaped ficus just like these two growing in suburban parks, street corners and village squares.

Taiwan is densely populated and is very crowded. Although ficus are widely grown as landscape trees in subdivisions and small community parks, as they grow their extended limbs eventually encroach nearby buildings, fences, etc., they compete for space with human dwellings.

When these encroaching limbs were cut off, since bonsai rules do not apply during tree trimming, new branches grow at odd angles and finally into a form which I could only ascribed to “a cohabitation between ficus and human competing for space”.

To many bonsai eyes, they are ugly looking trees but are nonetheless alternative “natural” models for bonsai inspirations. There is a Chinese proverb which says “there is beauty when ugliness is at its extreme,” and it might apply in this case.

Here are some photos from Taiwan streets and squares I downloaded from the internet with their respective sources:

I thought these urban ficus inspired Mr. Yang’s creations but I was wrong!  I later found out he got his Master degree from the Mingdao University using the ficus in the stainless steel container as a project, and his thesis was entitled “A Study of Bonsai Sculpture Creative Method and Ficus microcarpa Linn. f. Example.” 

In his thesis, Mr. Yang discussed applying aesthetic principles to bonsai creations. This ficus was created based on his Buddhist believes of causality; aerial roots were used to create a more organic tree without an obvious massive trunk, and the whole creation process represented the three stages of past, present and future in Buddhism.

I do not understand the religious and philosophical meanings in this creation but I can relate to it because I have seen ficus growing in crowded urban areas. There are a lot of intentional “imperfections” from partly peeled irregular aerial roots, crisscross branches to unclosed large wounds, called “horse eyes,” throughout the bonsai. They are very different from the Japanese aesthetics of perfections.

Anyway, please enjoy detailed photos of these two unusual ficus bonsai.

Ficus in Stainless Steel Container: 

Ficus with Filled Red Resin:

The Cheng Mei Cultural Park is a beautiful garden worth a visit if you go to Taiwan.